Wātaka - He Wātaka Whānui 1850-1899

Nā te Ture Kaupapa Taketake o te tau 1852 i whakatū te pūnaha pāremata o Aotearoa, me te whakaputa whakaaro mō tētahi momo kāwanatanga ā-rohe rangitahi mō te iwi Māori. Ko te whakahau a te tekiona 71, ko ngā ‘ture, ngā tikanga me ngā whakamahinga a te tangata whenua ... mō tēnei wā me waiho mā rātou tonu e whakahaere, i ā rātou hononga katoa, i ā rātou whiriwhiringa katoa ki a rātou anō...’. Heoi, kāore tēnei i whakatinanatia. Āpiti atu ki tērā, ko te hunga anake i āhei te pōti, ko ērā e mau ana ō rātou ingoa ki te taitara whenua takitahi. I te mea e noho tōpū ana te nuinga o ngā whenua Māori ki te hapū, ki te iwi, kāore i whai wāhi te nuinga o ngāi Māori ki te pōti.

I te tau 1852 ka whakatūria ētahi porowini e ono – koia ērā ko Tāmaki-makau-rau, ko Taranaki, ko Te Ūpoko o te Ika, ko Whakatū, ko Waitaha me Ōtākou. Ka tāpiria atu Te Matau a Māui me Te Wairau i te tau 1859. I te tau 1861, ko tū mai ko Murihiku, engari i te tau 1870 ka whenumi tērā ki roto o Ōtākou. Nō te tau 1873 i wehe mai ai Te Tai Poutini i Waitaha. He Kaiwhakahaere (āhua rite ki te Kāwana) tō ia porowini, me tōna anō Kaunihera Porowini.

1855 He ‘KĀwanatanga noho haepapa’

Fox, William 1812-1893 Ceremony of laying the foundation stone of the new Houses of Assembly, Wellington, New Zealand - [London ; Illustrated London News, 1857].

He hui hei whakatakoto i te kōhatu tūāpapa mō ngā Whare Rūnanga hou i Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara.

Image: ATL A-018-021
© Image copyright conditions

I te mea kua whai pūnaha pāremata motuhake a Aotearoa, ka tohutohu te Tari Koroni o Ingarangi i a Kānara Robert Wynyard, te Kāwana-Rangitahi, kia whakatū ‘kāwanatanga noho haepapa’ ki Aotearoa. I runga i tēnei whakaaro, ka waiho mā te kāwanatanga kaiwhakanoho e whakahaere te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga i Aotearoa, hāunga ngā whiriwhiringa tahi ki te Māori – ka noho tonu tērā ki te Kāwana. Ko te toenga o ngā kawenga a te Kāwana, i whakawhitihia pūputuhia atu i ngā 1850 me ngā 1860. Me kōrero i konei ko ngā mahi o ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa, me te utu mō aua mahi, i whakawhitihia ki te kāwanatanga koroni i ngā tau 1864-65.

1861 Ka kitea he koura i Aotearoa

Tētahi tokorua rapu koura i waho i tō rāua wharau.

Image: ATL 1/2-117280-F
© Image copyright conditions

I te marama o Mei 1861, ka kitea tuatahitia te koura i Aotearoa, e tētahi kaitātai arowhenua o Tasmania ko Gabriel Read te ingoa. Ka tapaina te wāhi i kitea ai tana koura ko Gabriel’s Gully, arā e pātata ana ki te tāone o Lawrence, i Te Waipoumanu. Ehara ko te tuatahi tēnei o ngā pānuitanga kua kitea he koura i reira – kua tārewahia tētahi pānui pēnei i mua atu, kei reia te tāone e ngā kaihuke mohoao. Ehara – e rua wiki i muri i te pānuitanga, e 500 ngā tāngata kua tapoko atu ki Gabriel’s Gully ki te rapu koura. E rua wiki anō i muri mai, kua whakarautia tēnei tokomaha ki te whā. I te ekenga o te tau, kua piki atu te taupori o Ōtākou i te 13000 ki te 30000 - he hautoru tēnei o te iwi Pākehā o te koroni. Neke atu i te 200000 ōnihi te rahi o te koura (750,000 pauna te uara) kua tangohia ake i te kōpū o te whenua. Ka muia Te Puku o Ōtākou e te tini tāngata, ā, i te tau 1862, kua toru whakaraunga te rahi ake o te tokopae o Ōtepoti. Heoi anō, he tau ruarua i muri mai, kua mimiti te hunga rapu koura ki Ōtākou, kua renarena ki Te Tai Poutini, ki Te Tara o te Ika me tāwāhi.

1862 Te pŪnaha tuku karere Ā-waea tuatahi

The Thames Street Bridge over Oamaru Creek and the Post and Telegraph office, 1871.

Te Arawhiti i te Tiriti o Thames e whakawhiti ana i te Kōawa Oamaru, ko te Poutāpeta kei te taha, 1871.

Image: ATL F- 1991-1/2
© Image copyright conditions

Ko te pūnaha tuku karere ā-waea tuatahi i Aotearoa, i tūhono atu i Ōtautahi ki te tāone o Lyttleton, i Whakaraupō. Kua warea hoki te koroni ki ngā hangarau hou i tērā wā – ko ētahi anō ko te tima me te rerewhenua. I Te Ika a Māui, i te wā o ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa, ka whakatakotoria he pūnaha karere waea mō ngā whakapāpātanga mahi taua. Ka mau tonu te whakapau moni ki ngā pūnaha tūhonohono i te whenua i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa.

1865 Ka tohua ko Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara hei tĀone matua

Temple, L B fl 1860s :Supreme Courthouse, Wellington, N.Z. 1867. This was in fact built in 1857 as the Wellington Provincial Council building, and became the Parliament Buildings when the government was moved to Wellington.

Ngā Whare Pāremata, 1867.

Image: ATL B-079-008
© Image copyright conditions

Ko Pōneke te tāone matua tuatoru o Aotearoa. Ko Ōkiato, i Pewhairangi, te tuatahi. Engari ki tā Kāwana Hopihona, he tawhiti rawa i te whānuitanga atu o te koroni, ā, he wā pea tōna ka raru i te noho ki roto o Ngā Puhi. Ko Ākarana te tuarua, inā te rahi ake o te whanga, he whai ara moana ki Te Tai Tamatāne, ā, karekau he papa kāinga Māori tino rahi. Ka tohua ko Ākarana hei tāone matua i te Hepetema 1840.

Engari i te tau 1863, ka puta ake te whakaaro e tika ana kia nekehia anō. Ko ngā take i pēnei ai te whakaaro, he tawhiti rawa a Ākarana i te puku o te motu, i tērā wā i Te Waipounamu kē te tūāpapa ohaoha o Aotearoa, ā, i ōna wā anō kua whakatuma rātou ki te wehe motuhake. Nā reira ka takoto i a Alfred Domett te whakatau i te whare pāremata ‘e tika ana kia nekehia te manawa o te kāwanatanga ... ki tētahi wāhi pai i Te Moana o Raukawa’. Waiho ana mā ētahi kaikomihana o Ahitereiria e whakaū ko Pōneke te wāhi tino pai, i te pai o tōna whanga, kei te pokapū anō hoki o te motu.

Nō te 26 Hūrae 1865 i huihui tuatahi ai ngā mema pāremata ki Pōneke. Kotahi tau tēnei i mua i te ekenga o Pōneke ki te karangatanga o te tāone nui.

1869 Te whare wānanga tuatahi

Ilustrated New Zealand News : Engraving depicting the University of Otago buildings designed by architect Maxwell Bury.

Te Whare Wānanga o Ōtākou, ca 1869.

Image: ATL PUBL-0110-1879-001
© Image copyright conditions

Ko te Whare Wānanga o Ōtākou te whare wānanga tino tawhito o Aotearoa. I whakatūria i te tau 1869, i runga i te whakahau a te Kaunihera Porowini o Ōtākou. Ka kohaina ki te Whare Wānanga tētahi 100000 eka, he whenua pai mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua, ka whakamanaia hoki tana tuku tohu mātauranga mō te toi tangata, ngā akoranga rata, te ture me te puoro. Nō te Hūrae 1871 i whakatuwheratia ai.

I ētahi marama i muri mai, ka tū mai ko te Whare Wānanga o Aotearoa, he mea whakatū e te ture, ā, ka noho ko tō Ōtākou tētahi o ōna kāreti e whā. Ka tautokona ā-pūtea te whare wānanga ā-motu nei e ētahi waihotanga whenua huri i te motu, tae atu ki ētahi o ngā whenua i raupatutia i muri i ngā pakanga o ngā 1860.

1875 Ka whakakorehia ngĀ porowini

Stack, James West, 1835-1919: Government Buildings Canterbury. [1860?]. Seat of the Canterbury Provincial Government.

Te Whare o te Kāwanatanga Porowini o Waitaha, ca 1860.

Image: ATL A-210-016
© Image copyright conditions

Ka pai haere ngā hononga rerewhenua, huarahi, karere ā-waea, ka kitea he pai ake pea tētahi pūnaha kāwanatanga ā-rohe ‘takiwā-tāone’, tēnā i te pūnaha porowini i whakatūria i te wā kāore i tino pai ngā ara whakapāpā tahi. He hanga whaimana tonu, āhua tū motuhake ngā porowini, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakararua e rātou ngā whāinga a te kāwanatanga o te motu, i te mea e hoe kē ana rātou i ō rātou ake waka. Ka whakakorehia ā-ture ngā porowini i te 12 Oketopa 1875. Heoi anō kei te ora tonu ngā ingoa porowini i roto i te ao hākinakina me ētahi atu whakahaere o te motu i waho o ngā kawenga kāwanatanga.

1877 Ka meatia te mĀtauranga kia mĀtua uru te katoa, kia utu kore anŌ

He whare kura, i Awahou, 1878.

Image: ATL 1/1-000344-G
© Image copyright conditions

Taka mai ki te tau 1877, ko ia porowini e whakahaere ana i āna ake kaupapa rapu mātauranga. He maha ngā kura e whakahaeretia e ngā hāhi Mihingare, Katorika, Perehipitiriana, me te Wēteriana. Engari i te turakanga o ngā porowini, riro ana mā te kāwanatanga ā-motu e whakahaere ngā kura huri i te motu. I raro i te Ture Mātauranga 1877, ka meahia kia utu kore, kia hāhi kore ngā ara rapu mātauranga, ā, kia mātua whāia e ngā tamariki katoa e whitu ki te 13 tau te pakeke. Kei ngā tamariki Māori te tikanga ina uru rātou ki tētahi kura o te motu, ki tētahi kura Māori rānei (he mea whakatū ērā i te tau 1867).

I roto i te toru tau, kua 1500 ngā kura tuatahi huri i te motu, ko tētahi 1200 o ēnei, he kura tūmatanui. Heoi anō, ka tekau tau atu anō, kātahi anō ka utu kore ngā kura tuarua ki te hunga kua puta i ōna whakamātautau whakauru e tika ana.

1879 Ka tukuna ki ngĀ tĀne katoa te mana pŌti

Crowd outside the tobbaconist shop of R Farmer, Masterton, taken on 22 July 1884, the day of the general election, by William Andrews Collis. The three effigies represent the candidates for the seat.

He tāngata i waho o te toa hoko tupeka o R Farmer, i Whakaoriori, i te rā o te pōtitanga ā-motu o te tau 1884. Ko ngā tauira tāngata kei runga ake e tohu ana i ngā tāngata e toru i whakataetae ki te tūru mō taua rohe pōti.

I te 14 Noema 1879, i te tekau mā rua tau i muri i te whakawhiwhinga i te mana pōti ki ngā tāne Māori, ka takoto he ture e tuku ana i te mana pōti ki ngā tāne katoa kua 21 neke atu te pakeke, mehemea kua 12 marama rātou e noho ana ki te koroni ka tahi, kua 6 marama e noho ana ki tō rātou rohe pōti ka rua. Ka whakawhāitihia ake ngā here pupuri whenua, engari ka whakaaetia tonutia te pōti maha, arā, i ngā rohe pōti katoa i pupuri whenua ai te tangata, ka āhei anō ia te pōti. Ka mau tonu tēnei tikanga tae noa ki te tau 1889, i taua wā ka whakamanaia te tikanga ‘kotahi te tangata, kotahi anō te pōti’. Arā anō ngā mea e whawhai ana i tēnei wā kia riro i te wahine te mana pōti, kia whakanuitia anō hoki ngā tūru Māori. Ahakoa i hinga ēnei kaupapa, he tokoiti noa te nui ake o te hunga i whakahē, tēnā i te hunga i whakaae.

1881 NgĀ waea tuatahi

Men laying telephone cable at Lyall Bay beach, August, 1926, photographed by Crown Studios.

He tāngata e whakatakoto ana i ngā waea kawe kōrero ā-waea i Maraeroa, 1926.

Ka whakatuwheratia he papa hononga waea i Ōtautahi (e 30 ngā tāngata i honoa) me Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara (10 ngā tāngata) i te tau 1881. I te tekau tau i muri mai, ka tū mai anō ētahi i ērā atu tāone nui. Kāore i kaha te pīrangitia o te waea i te tīmatanga. Ka taka ki te tau 1890, e 2000 noa ngā tāngata kua hono atu. Engari i te ekenga o te rautau, e 7000 ngā waea kua tūhonoa. Nō te tau 1906 i tūhonoa ai ngā tāone nui tuatahi. Ā, i te tau 1926, ka meahia he waea kia whakawhiti i Te Moana o Raukawa. Ka tae ki te tau 1930, kua tūhonoa ngā tāone mātāmua katoa o te motu.

1882 Te mĪti hoko ki tĀwĀhi tuatahi kia kawea i roto i te pouaka whakatio

Te kaipuke Mataura, nāna i kawe atu te utanga mīti tio tuarua i Aotearoa ki tāwāhi, i 1882. I tangohia te whakaahua i Port Chalmers.

Ko te mīti hoko ki tāwāhi tuatahi ka whakationgia i mua i te tuku ki tāwāhi, ka wehe atu i Port Chalmers i runga i te Dunedin i te 15 Pēpuere 1882, ka tau atu ki Rānana i te 24 Mei. I te taenga pai atu o te mīti ki reira, kua mōhiotia he tino huarahi tēnei e hokona ai ngā mīti o Aotearoa ki ngā tōpito katoa o te ao.

1888 Ka ara ake te pŪngao hiko

Plimmerton's first electric lighting, at Plimmerton Hall, photographed by JW Johnson, early 1920s.

Ngā rama hiko tuatahi ki Plimmerton, i te Hōro o Plimmerton, i ngā tau tuatahi o ngā 1920.

Ko Reefton, i te takiwā o Te Tai Poutini, te tāone tuatahi i te Tuakoi Tonga ka whakakāngia ōna rama ki te hiko-wairere. E ono tau i muri mai i tēnei, ka wātea te 'hiko noho pātara' hei taonga tauhokohoko i Amerika. Nō te tau 1914 rawa i whakatūwheratia ai te kaupapa hanga hiko ā-motu tuatahi, i Lake Coleridge.

1893 Ka tukuna ki te wahine te mana pŌti

Kate Wilson Sheppard, 1905.

Mai i te tau 1875, kua āhei te wahine te pōti i ngā pōtitanga kāwanatanga ā-rohe. Tērā tētahi wahine tae manene mai i Ingarangi ko Kate Sheppard te ingoa, i te tau 1891, ka whakaaro ia kua eke pea ki te wā e aro mai ai te mātinitini ki ētahi rerekētanga i ngā āhuatanga pōti. Ka whakarite ia i tētahi pitihana ā-motu e tono ana kia whakaaetia te pōti a te wahine i ngā pōtitanga o te motu. He tāne tonu te tokomaha o ngā kaitautoko, ki tā rātou he tōtika ake, he kaha ake hoki te āta whakaaro o te wahine i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū.

Tekau mano ngā ingoa i tāia ki te pitihana a Sheppard i te tau tuatahi. Nō te paunga o te tau 1892, e 30000 pea ngā ingoa o runga - ko tētahi 4 ōrau o te taupori o Aotearoa nui tonu. Mai i tērā wā taka mai ki nāianei, kāore anō i hipa ake i tēnei te ōrau o te taupori kua haina i tētahi pitihana ka tāpaea ki te aroaro o te Whare Pāremata i Aotearoa. I te tau 1893, ka tāpaea ētahi pitihana 13, hui katoa e 32000 ngā ingoa wāhine o runga, ki te aroaro o te Whare Pāremata. Me pēhea hoki e kore ai e arohia tēnei take a te mano tini? I te 19 Hepetema 1893 ka whakamanaia te Ture Pōtitanga, i tukuna ai ki ngā wāhine pakeke katoa te mana pōti. I konei ka noho ko Aotearoa te whenua mana kīngitanga tuatahi o te ao ki te uhi i tēnei mana ki runga i te wahine.

1899-1902 Te Pakanga ki ngĀ Boer

Camp of the Second Contingent for the South African War, Newtown Park, Wellington.

Te puni o te Matua Tuarua i haere ki te Pakanga i Āwherika ki te Tonga, i Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara, Hānuere 1900.

I tēnei wā e ngana ana a Aotearoa ki te whakaatu atu i tōna tū motuhake ki te ao, otirā, me tana tū tonu hei mema o te Emepaea o Ingarangi. Ko Aotearoa te koroni tuatahi ki te tuku ope taua hei āwhina i a Ingarangi i tana whawhai ki ngā Boer i Āwherika ki te Tonga. Hui katoa, e 6500 ngā hōia i tukuna, ko te nuinga he kaitūao me ā rātou ake pū. I pīrangitia nuitia ko ngā hōia eke hōiho, i te mea koirā ngā mea i whakaarohia ka tino kaupare i ngā tikanga kawe riri a ngā Boer. He pakanga kiritea tēnei; kāore te Māori i whakaaetia kia haere.

NGĀ HONO E HĀNGAI ANA

• Tāngata Ingoa Nui

• Te Puni Kokiri

• Archives New Zealand

Me mātua whakaae te rangatira me te kaipupuri manatārua i mua i te whakamahinga anō o ētahi whakaahua o te pae tukutuku nei.

Me mātua whakaae te Whare Pukapuka o Alexander Turnbull, Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, i mua i te whakamahinga anō o ā rātou whakaahua. Kia kitea ai te roanga atu o ngā kōrero mō ngā whakaahua a ATL, whakatakotoria te kiore ki runga ake i ngā whakaahua.